Suicide risk and prevention among U.S. Military veterans: A topical review

Veterans are a group at increased risk for death by suicide. Veteran suicide is a complex multidetermined behavior, and preventing suicide among Veterans requires community collaboration and partnership to grow awareness, reduce stigma, and increase access to suicide prevention resources. This article discusses current theories of suicide including Joiner's (2005) Interpersonal Theory of Suicide and Klonsky & May's (2015) Three-Step Theory of Suicide as these theories relate to Veterans at risk for  suicide. Discussion of the impacts of combat stress, traumatic brain injuries (TBI), military sexual trauma, and adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) are highlighted. Details of current clinical approaches that have been incorporated by the Veterans  Health Administration (VHA) to reduce Veteran suicides are shared, including the Suicide Risk Identification Strategy (RISK ID), Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Suicide Prevention (CBT-SP), engagement with Suicide Prevention Coordinators, Recovery Engagement and Coordination for Health–Veterans Enhanced Treatment (REACH VET), and the Veterans Crisis Line (VCL). Recommendations for Veteran suicide prevention strategies using a multipronged public health approach that combines both  clinically-based and community-focused strategies are provided.