First peoples, second class treatment: The role of racism in the health and well-being of Indigenous peoples in Canada.

We begin with an overview of the historical and contemporary contexts of racism, and the ways in which racism is fundamentally responsible for the alarming disparities in health between Indigenous and non-Indigenous peoples. We examine Indigenous responses to racism including individual, family and community level strategies and resiliencies; health service-level responses (including Indigenous and non-Indigenous led services); efforts directed at the training of health professionals; and provincial, territorial and national-level policies and recommendations.